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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">AFOLU</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Acronym for Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses. Recommended by IPCC Guidelines (2006) as a new term covering LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry) and agriculture.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Area Fraction</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Total of land use change area (ha) divided by a total size of a landscape.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Allometric equation</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Scaling rule or equation that relates tree biomass (or similar properties) to stem diameter and/or tree hight.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Biomass</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The total mass of living organisms including plants and animals for a given area usually expressed as dry weight in g m-2 or kg ha-1. Organic matter consisting of or recently derived from living organisms (especially regarded as fuel) excluding peat. Includes products, by products and waste derived from such material. For most ecological research and for the purposes of this manual, “biomass” is a vegetation attribute that refers to the weight of plant material within a given area. Another commonly used term for biomass is “production” which refers to how much vegetation is produced in an area.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Carbon pool</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">A reservoir or subsystem which has the capacity to accumulate or release carbon. Examples of carbon pools are forest biomass, wood products, soils and the atmosphere. The units are mass (kg ha-1 or mg ha-1).</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Carbon stock</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Total carbon stored (absolute quantity) in terrestrial ecosystems at a specific time, as living or dead plant biomass (above and below-ground) and in the soil, along with usually negligible quantities as animal biomass. The units are Mg ha-1.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Carbon stock change</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The carbon stock in a pool can change due to the difference between additions of carbon and losses of carbon. When the losses are larger than the additions, the carbon stock becomes smaller, and thus the pool acts as a source to the atmosphere, when the losses are smaller than the additions, the pools acts as a sink to the atmosphere.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Cost</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Cost refer to the value in alternative uses of the factors of production used by a firm (labour costs, material costs, capital costs). Costs may be fixed or variable.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Cropland</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">This category includes arable and tillage land, and agro‐forestry systems where vegetation falls below the threshold used for the forest land category, consistent with the selection of national definitions below the threshold used for the forest land category, consistent with the selection of national definitions.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Deforestation</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Most definitions describe deforestation as the long‐term or permanent conversion of land from forest to non‐forest. In an annex to a decision made by the UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP), which serves as a meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, deforestation is defined as ‘the direct human‐induced conversion of forested land to non‐forested land’. The FAO defines deforestation as ‘the conversion of forest to another land use or the long‐term reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10% threshold’. Definitions also stipulate minimum tree heights (FAO: 5 m </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-style: italic;">in situ</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">) and minimum areas (FAO: 0.5 ha), and that agriculture must not be the dominant use. But the definitions of minimum canopy cover, height and area vary from country to country.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Discount rate</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">A rate reflecting a time-preference at which the value future profits are reduced in a multi-period model.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Emissions</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time (UNFCCC Article 1.4).</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Forest land</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">This category includes all land with woody vegetation consistent with thresholds used to define forest land in the national GHG inventory, sub‐divided at the national level into managed and unmanaged and also by ecosystem type as specified in the </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-style: italic;">IPCC Guidelines.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">6 It also includes systems with vegetation that currently falls below, but is expected to exceed, the threshold of the forest land category.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Good practice</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">A set of procedures intended to ensure that greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories are accurate in the sense that they are systematically neither over‐ nor underestimates so far as can be judged, and that uncertainties are quantified and reduced so far as possible. </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-style: italic;">Good Practice </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">covers choice of estimation methods appropriate to national circumstances, quality assurance and quality control at the national level, quantification of uncertainties and data archiving and reporting to promote transparency.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Grassland</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">This category includes rangelands and pasture land that is not considered as cropland. It also includes systems with vegetation that fall below the threshold used in the forest land category and is not expected to exceed, without human intervention, the thresholds used in the forest land category. This category also includes all grassland from wild lands to recreational areas as well as agricultural and silvo‐pastural systems, subdivided into managed and unmanaged, consistent with national definitions.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Greenhouse Gases</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Are radiatively active trace gases in the atmosphere that trap infrared radiation. The earth absorbs the sun’s short wave, ultraviolet radiation and emits long‐wave, infrared radiation to outer space. The absorption of radiation causes warming. How much infrared energy escapes to outer space is strongly affected by the composition of the earth’s athmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">), methane (CH</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; vertical-align: sub;">4</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">), nitrous oxides (N</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">O), and chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) absorb some of this outgoing infrared radiation.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Established in 1988 as a special body by the UN Environmental programme and the World Meteorological Organization to provide assessments to policymakers of the results of ongoing climate change research. The IPCC is responsible for providing the scientific and technological foundation for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC), primarily through the publication of periodic assessment reports.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Kyoto Protocol</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">An agreement made in 1997 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Annex I countries that ratify this Protocol (categorized as Annex I countries) commit to reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other GHGs. The Kyoto Protocol now covers more than 170 countries globally, but only 60% in terms of global GHG emissions. As of December 2007, the US and Kazakhstan are the only signatory nations not to have ratified the Protocol. The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol ends in 2012, and international talks began in May 2007 on the next commitment period.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Land cover</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The classification of the biophysical surface of the Earth, comprising vegetation, soils, rocks, water bodies and areas built by humans.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Land Use (LU)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The classification of human activities, occupation and settlement of the land surface; e.g., annual crops, tree crops, plantations, urban, conservation area, etc.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Land Use System (LUS)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Dynamic characteristics and interactions in activities across space and time on the Earth surface. The word </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-style: italic;">system </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">refers to sequential cyclical changes that are part of a land use, such as the crop/fallow rotation in shifting cultivation systems. For the sake of brevity, the term </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-style: italic;">land</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-style: italic;">use </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">is employed throughout the manual.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Landscape</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">A non‐exact area of land. A portion of land or territory which the eye can comprehend in a single view, including all the objects it contains.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Net emissions</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">In REDD+, net emissions are estimates of emissions from deforestation that consider both the carbon stocks of the forest being cleared and the carbon stock of the replacement land use.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">NPV (Net Present Value)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The present value of an investment's future net cash flows minus the initial investment. Net returns. See profit.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Opportunity costs (REDD+)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Refers to the difference in net earnings from conserving or enhancing forests versus converting them to other, typically more valuable, land uses. Opportunity cost analysis provides moneybased estimates of how different stakeholders and sectors of the national economy would be affected by REDD policies and payments. They are an important part of a national planning process.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Organic matter (or organic material)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Matter that has come from a once‐living organism; is capable of decay, or the product of decay, or is composed of organic compounds.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Other land (as a land use category)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">This category includes bare soil, rock, ice, and all unmanaged land areas that do not fall into any of the other five categories. It allows the total of identified land areas to match the national area, where data are available.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Peatland</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Peatland is the land rich in partly decomposed plant remains, with organic C of &gt;18% and thickness of &gt;50 cm. Peatland is intrinsic to many wetlands around the world. The tropical peat is about 1 to 7 m thick and at places it can be 20 m thick. Moss, grass, herbs, shrubs and trees may contribute to the buildup of organic remains, including stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, nuts, cones, roots, bark and wood. Peat forms in wetlands or peatlands, variously called bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp. Through time, the accumulation of peat creates the substrate, influences ground‐water conditions, and modifies surface morphology of the wetland.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Profit</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Net returns, or revenues minus costs.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD and REDD+)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">REDD </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">refers to mechanisms currently being negotiated under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change process to reduce emissions from </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">deforestation </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">and forest </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">degradation </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">in developing countries. </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">REDD+ </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">includes enhancement of forest carbon stocks, that is, ‘negative degradation’ or ‘removals’ on land classified as forests. As used in this book, REDD+ does not include </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">afforestation </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">and </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">reforestation </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">(A/R).</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Reforestation</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Reforestation is ‘the direct human‐induced conversion of non‐forested land to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the humaninduced promotion of natural seed sources, on land that was forested, but that has been converted to non‐forested land’. In the first commitment period of the </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Kyoto Protocol</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">, reforestation activities have been defined as reforestation of lands that were not forested on 31 December 1989, but have had forest cover at some point during the past 50 years.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Removals</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Removal of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors from the atmosphere by a sink.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Rents</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Also known as economic rent or producer surplus. The value that producers obtain when actual price exceeds the minimum price sellers will accept. In a REDD+ context, rent is the different between the international price of carbon and REDD+ costs.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Sequestration</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The process of increasing the carbon content of a carbon pool other than the atmosphere. It is preferred to use the term “sink”.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Sink</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. (UNFCCC Article 1.8). Notation in the final stages of reporting is the negative (‐) sign.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Settlements</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">This categories includes all developed land, including transportation infrastructure and human settlements of any size, unless they are already included under other categories. This should be consistent with the selection of national definitions.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Stratum</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">One of the two or more mutually exclusive subgroups of a frame. The singular of strata.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Wetland</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Land where an excess of water is the dominant factor determining the nature of soil develop.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Zone</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Biophysical and/or non biophysical factors that affect the variation of carbon stock and economic profitability in a landscape. </span></p>

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